住宅小区顾客满意度文献

4. 我需要两篇关于《顾客满意度测评》的外文文献或者报刊，要有中文对照翻译的，有的请寄到[email protected]

我也要，求楼主有了分享，5月20就要定稿了，就差这个啊。咱只懂A\B\C\D的怎么看的懂外文啊

5. 急急如律令！！求写毕业论文客户满意度分析方面的参考文献！！要近几年的 专著 谢谢各位大神~~

通过客户满意度管理提高客户忠诚度的战略分析
[摘要] 企业因为进入三个误区，而把客户满意度与客户忠诚度简单地等同起来。而实际观察的结果是，只有客户达到完全满意，才能保证客户忠诚度的稳定。本文通过分析三个误区的特点，以及深入分析客户满意度在不同竞争环境中的作用，对如何通过客户满意度管理来提高客户忠诚度的战略进行了剖析。
[关键词] 误区 客户满意度 客户忠诚度

一、客户满意度与客户忠诚度关系的三个误区
通常情况下，管理层把顾客满意度与客户忠诚度等同起来，认为满意的顾客自然会忠诚于品牌或者公司。于是，公司关注于改善现有顾客满意程度的提高，但是，又往往在看到顾客满意度调查结果中大部分顾客是“基本满意”后，觉得顾客忠诚度也达到令人满意的程度了，于是提高顾客满意度的努力就戛然而止。这种现象是由以下几个认识上的误区造成的：
误区一：管理层通常认为只要顾客对产品和服务没有抱怨，基本上满意，那么客户忠诚度自然也有保证。
客户满意度与客户忠诚度之间并不必然相关，而且相关性也并不是简单的正相关关系。满意度能够代表顾客对以往消费的信心和认可，但是，不能保证顾客不会选择其他公司的产品。顾客满意度只是顾客忠诚度的基础，但并不是充分条件。在银行信用卡市场上，大部分银行的产品和服务具有高度类似性。客户对于信用卡产品和服务的满意程度更多的取决于那个银行的服务更加体贴。对信用卡只表示基本满意的顾客是不会成为忠实的用户的。
误区二：提高客户满意度的管理投入随着客户满意度的提高而上升，因此，追求客户完全满意的境界会让企业失去提高利润上的灵活性。
客户满意度是企业努力进行关系管理的结果。为了降低失误、提高产品和服务的质量，企业需要投入大量资源进行管理。但是，究竟客户满意度要达到什么程度能够使企业实现最有效的资源利用。增加投入会提高顾客满意的范围和深度；追求让顾客完全满意，尽管会给企业带来压力，但是，回报也是巨大的，不但不会降低企业的灵活性，反而会保证企业基业常青。
误区三：客户忠诚度到了一定的程度，无论满意度如何提高，也不会有所增加。
顾客忠诚度是极其敏感的变量，任何改变都会影响忠诚度的系数。满意度不断提高，将会保证客户忠诚度的稳定性，同时也是有效的防御性竞争战略。例如餐饮业，刚开张的酒楼饭店靠招牌菜闯出了名气后，许多顾客就会预测，这家站稳脚跟的酒店接下来饭菜质量和服务都会下降，要么菜量减少，要么味道变差。结果便是回头客减少。顾客忠诚度是一种非常脆弱的态度，任何因素都会成为负面诱因。因此，只有满意度不断替高，才能保证顾客忠诚度的稳定。
走出以上三个误区，就可以清晰地看到：一般的客户满意度并不能保证客户忠诚度的稳定和提高，但是，客户忠诚度的提高必须要有客户满意度不断提高为基础。
二、满意度的四种表现
满意度对提高顾客忠诚度的作用在四个层次上有不同的表现:
当顾客满意度是“不满意”时，顾客忠诚度为负值。顾客不仅不会选择令他们感到过不愉快和不满意的产品服务，还会影响周围其他人放弃该产品或服务。
造成顾客满意度如此之低的原因是顾客曾经经历过不愉快的产品服务消费过程，而矛盾产生之后，提供商没有任何的关系修复措施。例如，在旅游景区人们的经验就是那里的食宿服务质量肯定是不如非景区的。而大部分顾客如果遇到不愉快的经历，也都因为是游客身份而不予追究。景区的经营者也就因此认为不需要提高服务质量，不需要采取关系修补措施。对于个别经营者来说，也许这样做并不会影响自身的经营，但是，整个景区会逐渐被这种故意行为所拖累，恶名远扬，最终，所有的经营户都要受到游客量下降的影响。
顾客满意度为“一般”时，顾客表现为无忠诚度。顾客对该产品服务没有任何特别的深刻体会。顾客会在任何同类产品服务中进行尝试，直到找到真正让其信任的选择。
顾客表示基本满意时，企业常常误以为这样的顾客就算是他们辛辛苦苦培养的忠诚顾客。表示基本满意的顾客虽然可以成为忠诚顾客，同时，基本满意的顾客也具有很高的转换率，随时都可能放弃目前让顾客感到基本满意的产品服务，转换到其他的品牌或者替代品。
只有感到完全满意的顾客才会表现出高忠诚度和低转换率。愿意努力追求顾客完全满意的企业并不容易实现目标，但是，能够赢得客户完全满意度的企业享有牢固地客户信任基础。
对企业来说，只是做到让顾客基本满意还不够，不能保证企业获得稳固的客户忠诚。对于在自由市场竞争的企业来说，让顾客感到完全满意是建立稳固客户群基础的重要保证。
三、市场竞争对忠诚度的影响
不可否认，顾客满意度与忠诚度之间的关系并不简单，特别是考虑了市场的不同竞争性质之后，这种关系就更加复杂。
大部分企业是在具有丰富竞争的市场中生存，特别是一些利润率低，靠大规模分销获得较高投资回报的企业，如零售企业，顾客满意度对于客户忠诚度的营销指数偏高；但是，对于具有一定垄断能力的企业，客户满意度在一定时期内对于客户忠诚度的约束作用很小，因为顾客没有多余的选择。垄断的市场里，企业没有动力去提高客户满意度，但是，仍然可以享受完全忠诚度带来的巨大利益，比如电信市场。由于自由竞争的要求，垄断受到了法律和道德上的约束，企业能够保持垄断的条件也越来越苛刻，面临来自产业内同行和新兴替代品的威胁只是时间问题。客户满意度最终仍然是决定客户忠诚度的重要因素。Intel因为所掌握的技术而在电脑芯片市场上一直处于完全占有率的绝对优势位置。但是，随着AMD等品牌芯片的出现，Intel的垄断地位受到了极大的挑战，同时，新加坡和欧盟也对Intel进行了反垄断行为的调查，新加坡更是对Intel的垄断行为进行了高达两千多万美元的罚款。Intel 是高科技公司，掌握的技术是锁定客户忠诚度的重要因素，Intel的产品口碑一直保持良好的记录，但是，当新的竞争者出现时，Intel也开始为客户满意度和忠诚度感到紧张了。原先Intel享受的极高的客户忠诚度随着市场竞争结构的改变而面临诸多的不确定性。
一般消费品生产企业因为产业壁垒低，直接竞争与替代品竞争都很激烈，所以，消费者满意程度对企业的重要性更显而易见。企业通过满意度调查间接了解顾客忠诚度。然而，越是竞争激烈的市场，消费者面临的选择越多，能够让消费者感到基本满意的产品服务也就越多。因此，在这样的市场中，基本满意已经成为低忠诚率的代名词。只有让顾客产生超越竞争对手的完全满意才能保证顾客的忠诚度。例如，航空公司的客户服务。经常坐飞机的顾客对于每个航空公司都会有明显的对比和认识。航空公司的客户服务对于航空公司顾客的选择至关重要。因此，航空公司采用会员制，希望通过给与忠实顾客免费飞行里程，锁定顾客。但是，如果航空公司的飞行服务质量不理想，忠诚顾客使用完免费飞行里程后，还是会转投他行。
四、客户满意度管理
既然客户忠诚度对企业有重大的实际意义，那么进行客户满意度管理对于提高顾客忠诚度就是重要的战略，战略目标是将尽可能的消费者转变成因为感到高度满意，而忠诚于本产品和服务的顾客。
满意度管理首先要针对消费者的态度，可以分为四种类型：拥护者；怀疑者；经济驱动型；被迫锁定者。
拥护者是企业开展业务的坚实基础。拥护者的驱动力是高度的满意感。拥护者不仅是稳定销售额的来源，也是进行市场份额扩大的核心层，对拥护者客户群，管理的关键是懂得“追加”的艺术。在现代信息技术的帮助下， 企业可以更准确把握顾客的消费行为，认清忠实消费者的身份，并对拥护者进行对应管理。例如，银行、零售企业、航空公司、旅行社、汽车销售公司等都可以拥有详尽的客户消费数据。根据消费者的忠诚度，也就是消费次数与消费量的综合记录，企业给与的鼓励也相应升级，使拥护者升级为资深顾客，建立长久的关系。
怀疑者是企业面临的一种挑战。怀疑型顾客对产品服务产生的不满原因很多。在怀疑者中，有些人的需求与企业的资源不对应。因此，管理怀疑者客户群的关键是懂得“放弃”。例如，西南航空公司，诺斯通百货公司会定期“除名”那些公司伺候不了的客户，因为，这些客户不仅不能参与到互动的关系管理中，而且会影响员工的士气和企业资源利用的效率。
经济驱动型顾客时时刻刻都在对各种相关产品服务进行比较，寻找最物美价廉的解决方案。这部分顾客有自己的利益衡量标准，对他们很难进行标准的客户管理。维持与经济驱动型顾客的关系的顾客的成本甚至要高于维持忠诚顾客关系的成本投入。例如，现今的网上购物者，可以在一秒钟内找到价格最低的合适产品，品牌和其他的服务已经不能吸引这部分顾客。因此，对待经济驱动型顾客的管理关键是“听之任之”， 主要精力放在能够给企业带来实质性发展的细分顾客群的满意度管理上。
最后一个客户群就是“被迫锁定顾客”。这部分顾客即便满意度极低，也会表现得很“忠诚”。原因是，该客户群体没有自由选择或者转换公司的条件。例如，电信公司的顾客忠诚度很高，是因为垄断的缘由。一旦，垄断打破，这部分客户就会分化为四个类型顾客的一类，并且离开原来的供应商。美国Bell贝尔公司在被分拆之后，顾客的大量流失就说明了这一现象。
客户满意度与顾客忠诚度彼此独立，一般的满意度对顾客的忠诚度积极意义不大，只有当顾客达到非常满意、完全满意的程度，顾客才会表现出较高而且较为稳定的忠诚度。顾客满意度管理的战略意义也就在于此。

6. 急需一份关于客户满意度和客户忠诚度方面的英文文献，谢谢~

customer satisfaction

Customer satisfaction is the customer-to-business and enterprise proct / service satisfaction. Customer satisfaction, the enterprise is a state of feeling, and feelings in such a state more likely to arouse trading activities. A commonly used statistical results are: a satisfied customer, six times in a dissatisfied customers more willing to continue to buy that proct or service enterprises.

In an increasingly competitive, customer-oriented market environment, more and more companies began chasing the upgrading of customer satisfaction. However, many companies chasing the results were not satisfactory. We found that business if it is only the pursuit of customer satisfaction and often can not solve the ultimate problem, because very often, enterprises improve customer satisfaction, does not mean that corporate profits immediately improved. Only contributions to the company "profit" is a direct customer value customers. Moreover, the value of the profits of enterprises also contribute to the high and low points. Therefore, enterprises should operate on the scarce resources to optimize the allocation and concentrate on high-value enhancing customer satisfaction at the same time, we should also look at potential high-value customers, graal increase their satisfaction. From all customer satisfaction, to the value of customer satisfaction, to the high-value customer satisfaction, the final key to the high-value customer satisfaction factors, it is enterprises to enhance the "customer satisfaction value in return," "process."

Customer loyalty

Customer loyalty from the concept of customer satisfaction leads to the concept of customer satisfaction is the result of a proct brand or company's trust, and hope to maintain a repeat of psychological tendency. Customer loyalty is actually a continuity of customer behavior, customer loyalty, customer loyalty is the corporate level. Customer loyalty for the two forms of performance, is a corporate customer loyalty in the wishes of a customer loyalty is in the behaviour of enterprises. And general enterprises tend to be confused with two forms of this fact, a fundamental difference between the two, the former is not for the businesses themselves have a direct value of the enterprises while the latter is very valuable; The reason is very simple Customers only wishes, but no action, for enterprises of no significance. Enterprises should do is, first, to promote customers from "will" to "act" conversion; Second, through cross-selling and additional marketing to further enhance customer and business transactions frequency.

Customer satisfaction does not mean that customer loyalty, customer satisfaction is a kind of psychological satisfaction, in consumption is revealed by the attitude of, but customer loyalty is a continuous transactions, is to promote the occurrence of repeat customers. Measuring customer loyalty is the key indicators of customers (CustomerRetention), which describes enterprises and maintaining customer relationships length of time; customers share (CustomerShare), namely, the budget will be spent on the company's ratio. Data show that only the customer satisfaction is not enough. When a better proct suppliers, large customers may change suppliers.

Satisfaction is measured by customer expectations and feelings, and customer loyalty reflect the purchase of future actions and purchase commitments. Customer satisfaction surveys customer purchase experience of the past views and ideas, can only reflect the past and not the future acts as a reliable forecast. Loyalty survey can predict what procts customers want most, and when to buy, how many of these could have purchased sales.

Customer satisfaction and their actual purchase behavior is not necessarily directly linked, satisfied customers may not be able to guarantee that they will always be faithful enterprises, a repeat purchase behavior. In a "worthless customer satisfaction, customer loyalty Extreme priceless" (Cus tomer Satis faction Is Worthles s, Cus tomer Loyalty Is Priceles s) of the "customer loyalty" of the best-selling book, the author debate: "Customers satisfied with the worthless, because satisfied customers still buy the procts of other enterprises. process of the transaction are satisfied with every aspect of the customer will be better because of the price of a replacement suppliers, customers and sometimes even though your procts and satisfied with the service is not absolute, you have been able to lock the customer. "

For example, many users of Microsoft procts such as the views and dissatisfaction, but if you change the use of other great procts to pay the costs, they will always adhere to the use of Microsoft procts. A recent survey found that about 25 per cent of mobile phone users to keep their phone numbers, the current contract would tolerate imperfect service providers and not to sign other telecommunications providers, but if one day they turn around at the same time be able to retain the original number, I believe that they will act immediately.
Loyalty must have access to a minimum level of customer satisfaction, in this horizon satisfaction, loyalty will be significantly decreased. However, customer satisfaction is not an important condition for customer loyalty!

Ooh, sometimes
The truth is harder than the pain inside, yeah
Ooh, sometimes
It's the broken heart that decides
At night BUT on Monday nights

7. 急！！求市场营销中有关提高顾客满意度的参考文献~~

1.徐嵩龄;沈可挺不同方案下中国CDM的成本--效益分析:基于CGE的实证模拟[期刊论文]-气候变化研究进展
2006(06)
2.LiangTP;a
transactioncostmodel[外文期刊]1998(24)
3.杨毅;董大海互联网环境下消费者行为倾向前因研究述评[期刊论文]-预测2007(04)
4.安诗芳;王江平基于TAM的网上购物意向综合模型[期刊论文]-情报杂志2007(05)
5.郑冉冉;宋泽网上购物意图影响因素实证研究[期刊论文]-商业经济与管理2007(07)
6.DanJ.kim;DonaldL.Ferrin;H.RanghavRaoAtrust-basedconsumerdecision-makingmodelinelectronic
commerce:Theroleoftrust,[外文期刊]2008(44)
7.DanJ.kim;CharlesSteinfield;Ying--
to-consumerelectroniccommerce[外文期刊]2008(44)
8.PatickYKChau;PaulJen-HuaHuExaminingcustomers'
decisions:Anempiricalstudy[外文期刊]2007(06)

8. 跪求：客户满意度方面的外文文献（急）

外语我是不行的拉,建议先把中文版本写好,然后再翻译成英文;如果中文的你都不会写那我就无语了!
翻译软件:GOOGLE

9. 求助一篇关于顾客满意度的英文文献，谢谢！

服务营销 Service Marketing
服务质量管理 service quality management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B7%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=DE2Pbd_qmgkC&dq=Customer+Relationship+Management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=6-EwTMiydF&sig=PQLcoxGqlWgF7INfmKFpsYg9Bno

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=ZcCiO0UG5VwC&dq=Service+Marketing&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=GNjG_hrpBq&sig=PV6WzLFltr7kYWJlf7kUqvE6wbE

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=T_nzJR6v_zUC&dq=Customer+Relationship+Management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=ZdpWBlzrha&sig=kQHJ8evm-MCEhBbgGbgIQY8yjF8

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=VsESmNFS__IC&dq=Customer+Relationship+Management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=x7jhHTEhZ8&sig=O0apWa4sfLfpRxN0IwJPoXzOdeM

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=qBXliZ6-CBcC&dq=service+quality+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=AeMnivMaDr&sig=ys64gjwJNQDZsN56id56LW0uWlk

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=mYrrUHgAgOgC&dq=service+quality+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=CT2fh07xIp&sig=_Sqy36B49_rUNrQYLYTTjvM6YDk
-----
Customer relationship management (CRM) is a multifaceted process, mediated by a set of information technologies, that focuses on creating two-way exchanges with customers so that firms have an intimate knowledge of their needs, wants, and buying patterns. In this way, CRM helps companies understand, as well as anticipate, the needs of current and potential customers.[1] Functions that support this business purpose include sales, marketing, customer service, training, professional development, performance management, human resource development, and compensation. Many CRM initiatives have failed because implementation was limited to software installation without alignment to a customer-centric strategy.

There are many aspects of CRM which were mistakenly thought to be capable of being implemented in isolation from each other. [3]

From the outside of the organization, a customer experiences the business as one entity operating over extended periods of time. Thus piecemeal CRM implementation can come across to the customer as unsynchronized where employees and web sites and services are acting independently of one another, yet together represent a common entity.

CRM is the philosophy, policy and coordinating strategy connecting different players within an organization so as to coordinate their efforts in creating an overall valuable series of experiences, procts and services for the customer.

The different players within the organization are in identifiable groups:

Customer Facing Operations - The people and the technology support of processes that affect a customer's experience at the frontline interface between the customer and the organization. This can include face to face, phone, IM, chat, email, web and combinations of all media. Self-service kiosk and web self-service are doing the job of vocals and they belong here.
Internal Collaborative Functional Operations - The people and technology support of processes at the policy and back office which ultimately affect the activities of the Customer Facing Operations concerning the building and maintaining of customer relationships. This can include IT, billing, invoicing, maintenance, planning, marketing, advertising, finance, services planning and manufacturing.
External Collaboration functions - The people and technology support of processes supporting an organization and its cultivation of customer relationships that are affected by the organization's own relationship with suppliers/vendors and retail outlets/distributors. Some would also include instry cooperative networks, e.g. lobbying groups, trade associations. This is the external network foundation which supports the internal Operations and Customer facing Operations.
Customer Advocates and Experience Designers - Creative designers of customer experience that meet customer relationship goals of delivering value to the customer and profit to the organization (or desired outcomes and achievement of goals for non-profit and government organizations)
Performance Managers and Marketing Analysts - Designers of Key Performance Indicators and collectors of metrics and data so as to execute/implement marketing campaigns, call campaigns, Web strategy and keep the customer relationship activities on track. This would be the milestones and data that allow activities to be coordinated, that determine if the CRM strategy is working in delivering ultimate outcomes of CRM activities: market share, numbers and types of customers, revenue, profitability, intellectual property concerning customers preferences.
Customer and Employee Surveyors and Analysts - Customer Relationships are both fact driven and impression driven - the quality of an interaction is as important as the information and outcome achieved, in determining whether the relationship is growing or shrinking in value to the participants.

[edit] Technology considerations
The basic building blocks:

A database for customer lifecycle (time series) information about each customer and prospect and their interactions with the organization, including order information, support information, requests, complaints, interviews and survey responses.

Customer Intelligence - Translating customer needs and profitability projection into game plans for different segments or groups of customers, captured by customer interactions (Human, automated or combinations of both) into software that tracks whether that game plan is followed or not, and whether the desired outcomes are obtained.

Business Modeling Customer Relationship Strategy, Goals and outcomes: Numbers and description of whether goals were met and models of customer segments and game plans worked as hypothesized.

Learning and Competency Management Systems - Customer Capacity and Competency Development - Training and improving processes and technology that enable the organization to get closer to achieving the desired results. Complex systems require practice in order to achieve desired outcomes, especially when humans and technology are interacting. Iteration is the key to refining, improving and innovating to stay ahead of the competition in Customer Relationship Management. (Successful tools, technology and practices will be copied by the competition as soon as they are proven successful.)

The building blocks can be implemented over time separately, but eventually need to be dynamically coordinated. The ongoing alignment of the basic building blocks distinguishes an elegant seamless CRM implementation which successfully builds mutually valuable relationships.

[edit] Types/Variations of CRM
There are several different approaches to CRM, and at present there is no one software package that allows all of these approaches to be applied. When companies consider implementing a CRM strategy, they usually talk about either Campaign Management or Sales Force Automation. Although CRM is much more than either of those parts, software packages are usually based around one or the other idea (with SFA being the most popular).

Operational CRM
Operational CRM provides support to "front office" business processes, including sales, marketing and service. Each interaction with a customer is generally added to a customer's contact history, and staff can retrieve information on customers from the database when necessary.

One of the main benefits of this contact history is that customers can interact with different people or different contact channels in a company over time without having to describe the history of their interaction each time.

Consequently, many call centers use some kind of CRM software to support their call center agents.

Operational CRM processes customer data for a variety of purposes:

Managing Campaigns
Enterprise Marketing Automation
Sales Force Automation

Sales Force Automation (SFA)
Sales Force Automation is a type of Operational CRM that is designed to automate sales-force-related activities, such as lead tracking. Software procts perform such tasks as:

Keeping lists of leads
Assigning list segments to salespeople
Allowing list contacts to be called or e-mailed
Tracking responses
Generating reports

Analytical CRM
Analytical CRM analyzes customer data for a variety of purposes:

Design and execution of targeted marketing campaigns to optimize marketing effectiveness
Design and execution of specific customer campaigns, including customer acquisition, cross-selling, up-selling, retention
Analysis of customer behavior to aid proct and service decision making (e.g. pricing, new proct development etc.)
Management decisions, e.g. financial forecasting and customer profitability analysis
Prediction of the probability of customer defection (churn analysis)
Analytical CRM generally makes heavy use of data mining.

Sales Intelligence CRM
Sales Intelligence CRM is very similar to Analytical CRM, but it is intended as a more direct sales tool. Features include the delivery of "alerts" to sales people based on analysis of such factors as:

Cross-sell/Up-sell/Switch-sell opportunities.
Customer Drift.
Sales performance, good and bad.
Customer trends
Customer margins

Campaign Management
Campaign management software is marketing-oriented CRM software that combines elements of Operational and Analytical CRM and allows campaigns to be run on an existing client base. Campaign Management is used when you need to create personalized offers when it is prohibitively expensive to personally contact each client. Campaign management software functions include:

Choosing campaign recipients from the client base according to selected criteria
Development of a campaign offer (this is often done "out-of-the-system" and is not automated)
Assigning specific campaign offers to selected recipients
Automatically sending offers to the selected clients via selected channels (either directly, via channels such as e-mail, or indirectly, by creating lists for use in channels such as direct mail)
Gathering, storing, and analyzing campaign results (including tracking responses and analyzing propensities)

Collaborative CRM
The function of the Customer Interaction System or Collaborative Customer Relationship Management is to coordinate the multi-channel service and support given to the customer by providing the infrastructure for responsive and effective support to customer issues, questions, complaints, etc.

Collaborative CRM aims to get various departments within a business, such as sales, technical support and marketing, to share the useful information that they collect from interactions with customers. Feedback from a technical support center, for example, could be used to inform marketing staffers about specific services and features requested by customers. Collaborative CRM's ultimate goal is to use information collected from all departments to improve the quality of customer service.[4]

Geographic CRM
Geographic CRM (GCRM) is a customer relation management information system which collaborates geographic information system and traditional CRM.

gCRM combines data collected from route of movement, types of residence, ambient trading areas and other customer and marketing information which are matched with relevant road conditions, building formations, and a floating population. Such data are conformed with a map and is regionally analyzed with OLAP(On-Line Analytical Processing) for visualization. This enables a company to examine potential customers and manage existing customers in the region.

Strategy
Several commercial CRM software packages are available which vary in their approach to CRM. However, as mentioned above, CRM is not just a technology but rather a comprehensive customer-centric approach to an organization's philosophy in dealing with its customers. This includes policies and processes, front-of-house customer service, employee training, marketing, systems and information management. Hence, it is important that any CRM implementation considerations stretch beyond technology, towards the broader organizational requirements.

The objectives of a CRM strategy must consider a company’s specific situation and its customers' needs and expectations. Information gained through CRM initiatives can support the development of marketing strategy by developing the organization's knowledge in areas such as identifying customer segments, improving customer retention, improving proct offerings (by better understanding customer needs), and by identifying the organization's most profitable customers.[5]

CRM strategies can vary in size, complexity and scope. Some companies consider a CRM strategy to only focus on the management of a team of salespeople. However, other CRM strategies can cover customer interaction across the entire organization. Many commercial CRM software packages that are available provide features that serve sales, marketing, event management, project management and finance.

Successes
While there are numerous reports of "failed" implementations of various types of CRM projects,[6] these are often the result of unrealistic high expectations and exaggerated claims by CRM vendors.

Many of these "failures" are also related to data quality and availability. Data cleaning is a major issue. If the company CRM strategy is to track life-cycle revenues, costs, margins and interactions between indivial customers, this must be reflected in all business processes. Data must be extracted from multiple sources (e.g., departmental/divisional databases, including sales, manufacturing, supply chain, logistics, finance, service, etc.), requiring an integrated, comprehensive business processing system to be in place with defined structures and data quality. If not, interfaces must be developed and implemented to extract data from different systems. This creates a demand far beyond customer satisfaction to understand the full business-to-business relationship. For this reason, CRM is more than a sales or customer interaction system.

The experience from many companies[who?] is that a clear CRM requirement with regard to reports (e.g., input and output requirements) is of vital importance before starting any implementation.[citation needed] With a proper demand specification, a great deal of time and money can be saved based on realistic expectations of systems capability.[citation needed] A well operating CRM system can be an extremely powerful tool for management and customer strategies.

Privacy and data security
One of the primary functions of CRM software is to collect information about customers. When gathering data as part of a CRM solution, a company must consider customer privacy and data security with respect to legal and cultural environments. Some customers prefer assurance that their data is not shared with third parties without their consent and that it cannot be illicitly accessed by third parties.