kokoda澳洲開發商

⑴ 二戰中的日本和澳洲的戰役kokoda的過程中用過什麼武器

科科達小徑戰役（Kokoda Track campaign）是第二次世界大戰太平洋戰爭的一場常被外人忽略的重要戰役。於1942年7月21日至11月16日，在澳大利亞屬地巴布亞紐幾內亞的科科達小徑（Kokoda Track）沿線，由日軍發起，與澳軍進行了一系列戰役。

日軍由第55師團的歩兵第144高知聯隊與第55山炮聯隊第1大隊組成南海支隊，加強配屬歩兵第41福山聯隊、獨立工兵第15聯隊、獨立高射炮第47大隊、高砂義勇隊（由台灣原住民組成）等，由堀井富太郎少將支隊長領軍，1942年7月21日日軍歩兵第41福山聯隊兩個大隊於新幾內亞島東北部登陸，意圖奪取科科達，強行通過科科達小徑，攻取莫爾茲比港。

這小徑僅能以步行通過；沿途經過數處世上最困難崎嶇地形，包括標高2250米的貝拉米峰、晝間濕熱、夜間冷風、季節性暴雨與瘧疾等傳染性熱帶疾病肆虐。補給非常困難，也嚴格限制了參戰部隊的數量及作戰方式。

基於步兵戰斗為主的作戰方式，在這次戰斗中出場的兵器主要屬於陸軍和空軍、注意陸軍無法使用坦克、大型遠射火炮等重型裝備：

日本步兵：明治三十八年式步槍，97式狙擊槍、九六式輕機槍、大正十年擲彈筒、明治41年式75mm山炮、92式70mm口徑步兵炮;

澳軍步兵：英聯邦標准李恩菲爾德短彈匣步槍MKⅢ型及其狙擊槍等變形、美製湯姆森M1928A1沖鋒槍，澳大利亞自製9毫米歐文式沖鋒槍，英聯邦標准布倫機槍，由於澳大利亞當時並非是一個工業國，所以澳軍炮兵武器多為英國製造，如肯定會有英制25磅榴彈炮，可能會有英制18磅榴彈炮、英制4.5寸榴彈炮、英制5.5寸野炮等

盟國空軍：美製P-39及P-40戰斗機、B-17、B-25及B-26轟炸機；

日本空軍：零戰、97艦攻、99式艦爆、九六式陸攻、一式陸上攻擊機等

⑵ 一戰時 二戰時 澳大利亞干什麼去了

都參戰了。一戰時候的加里波利戰役主要就是澳新軍團參戰的。二戰時北非戰場就是澳洲軍團頂住隆美爾進攻，守住托布魯克，為日後反攻贏得時間。在太平洋戰場，澳洲皇家海軍與美軍一起痛擊日本帝國海軍。在莫爾茲比港的Kokoda戰役中，駐守此地的澳軍主要由國民軍組成，經驗少裝備差。初遇強敵，顯得有些慌亂，只能且戰且退，利用林木的掩護與日寇周旋。在此後將近三個多月的時間里，各路澳軍頑強地與日寇在巴布亞的叢林中廝殺，以慘重的代價（如國民軍維多利亞39營，全營平均年齡僅為18歲6個月，幾乎全部戰死）保證了Kokoda小路不失於敵手，拯救了莫爾茲比港。值得一提的是，在此期間澳洲軍方高層對澳軍在這里的艱苦條件所知甚少，並拒絕給予空投補給。不萊梅將軍甚至很不公正地解除了多名指揮官的職務。在Kokoda小路遇阻使日寇不得不再派一路人馬（約2800名陸戰隊和若干輕型坦克）於8月25日在距莫爾茲比港三百多公里的米爾恩灣（Milen Bay）登陸，以圖另闢蹊徑。然而由於情報失誤，在此地受到痛擊。駐守此地的有澳洲國民軍一個旅，有從中東回來的AIF第七師一個旅和美軍第43工兵團1300餘人。戰斗從當日晚開始至9月7日結束；期間澳空軍有效地壓制了日寇來自海上的炮火支援，大大減少了地面部隊的壓力。澳軍在此役中死167人，傷206人，美軍死14人。日寇死傷近1500餘人，損失全部坦克，僅有1320人原路逃回。

⑶ 我要一些介紹澳大利亞的資料，越簡潔越好，要英文

The Commonwealth of Australia is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the mainland of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and a number of other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 The neighbouring countries are Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east.

The Australian mainland has been inhabited for more than 42,000 years by Indigenous Australians.[2] After sporadic visits by fishermen from the north and then European discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606,[3] the eastern half of Australia was later claimed by the British in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation as part of the colony of New South Wales, commencing on 26 January 1788. As the population grew and new areas were explored, another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were established ring the 19th century.

On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth realm. The capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The population is just over 21 million, with approximately 60% of the population concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.

The name "Australia" is derived from the LatinAustralis, meaning "Southern". Legends of an "unknown land of the south" (terra australis incognita) date back to Roman times and were commonplace in medieval geography, but were not based on any actual knowledge of the continent. The first use of the word "Australia" in English was in 1625—the words "A note of Australia del Espiritu Santo, written by Master Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus.[4] The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south in 1638. "Australia" was used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Dé et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1692 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny under the pen name Jacques Sadeur.[5]Alexander Dalrymple then used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean (1771), to refer to the entire South Pacific region. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland."

The name "Australia" was popularised by the 1814 work A Voyage to Terra Australis by the navigator Matthew Flinders, the first recorded person to circumnavigate Australia. Though its title reflected the British Admiralty's usage, Flinders used the word "Australia" in his book, and as it was widely read it gave the term general currency. Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales subsequently used the word in his dispatches to England, and on 12 December 1817 recommended to the Colonial Office that it be officially adopted.[6] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as "Australia".

The word "Australia" in Australian English is pronounced/əˈstɹæɪljə, -liːə, -jə/.

History
Main article: History of Australia
The first human habitation of Australia is estimated to have occurred between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago.[7] These first Australians were possibly the ancestors of the current Indigenous Australians; they may have arrived via land bridges and short sea-crossings from present-day South-East Asia. Most of these people were hunter-gatherers, with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, inhabited the Torres Strait Islands and parts of far-north Queensland; their cultural practices were and remain distinct from those of the Aborigines.
The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland was made by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, who sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in 1606. During the 17th century, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of what they called New Holland, but made no attempt at settlement. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The expedition's discoveries provided impetus for the establishment of a penal colony there.

The British Crown Colony of New South Wales started with the establishment of a settlement at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January 1788. This date was later to become Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory (NT) was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia. South Australia was founded as a "free province"—that is, it was never a penal colony. Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts.[8][9] The transportation of convicts to the colony of New South Wales ceased in 1848 after a campaign by the settlers.[10]

Port Arthur, Tasmania was Australia's largest gaol for transported convicts.The Indigenous Australian population, estimated at 350,000 at the time of European settlement,[11] declined steeply for 150 years following settlement, mainly because of infectious disease combined with forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.[12] The removal of children from their families, which some historians and Indigenous Australians have argued could be considered to constitute genocide by some definitions,[13] may have contributed to the decline in the indigenous population. Such interpretations of Aboriginal history are disputed by some commentators as being exaggerated or fabricated for political or ideological reasons.[14] This debate is known within Australia as the History Wars. Following the 1967 referenm, the Federal government gained the power to implement policies and make laws with respect to Aborigines. Traditional ownership of land—native title—was not recognised until 1992, when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned the notion of Australia as terra nullius ("empty land") at the time of European occupation.
A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s, and the Eureka Stockade rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobedience. Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies indivially gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence, and international shipping. On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation, and voting, and the Commonwealth of Australia was born as a Dominion of the British Empire. The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed from a part of New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed). The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911. Australia willingly participated in World War I.[15] Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation—its first major military action. The Kokoda Track Campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event ring World War II.

The Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom when Australia adopted it in 1942. The shock of the United Kingdom's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector. Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US under the auspices of the ANZUS treaty. After World War II, Australia encouraged immigration from Europe; since the 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia policy, immigration from Asia and other non-European parts of the world was also encouraged. As a result, Australia's demography, culture, and self-image have been radically transformed. The final constitutional ties between Australia and the UK were severed in 1986 with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the government of the Australian States, and ending judicial appeals to the UK Privy Council.[16] In 1999, Australian voters rejected by a majority of less than 5% a move to become a republic with a president appointed by Parliament.[17] Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus on the expansion of ties with other Pacific Rim nations.